工程项目的风险对机构的影响
对建筑工程的理解的不确定性来源与许多方面并且常常涉及到许多工程的参与者。既然每个参与者都试图把自己的风行最小化，那么各个参与者间的利益冲突将对工程产生不利的影响。唯一的办法是业主有能力通过在各个参与者间订立适当的合同关系把风险分配化以平衡这些冲突。业主不能够承担这种职责的话常常会导致不尽人意的结果。在最近几年，“风险共享/风险分配”的合同概念已经得到联邦政府的接受。既然这种形式的合同认可业主的责任，那么合同所签定的价格就将比全部责任都由承包商承担时来的低。
工程建设中的风险可以按照许多种形式进行分类。其中一种的分类如下：
1、社会经济学的因素
o 环境保护
o 公共安全方面的规定
o 经济的不稳定
o 汇率的波动
2、组织关系
o 合同关系
o 参与者的态度
o 交流
3、技术问题
o 设计假设
o 场地情况
o 施工程序
o 施工过程的安全
环境保护问题导致了工程的不确定性，因为工程人员无法获知需要什么以及需要多久才能从政府机构那获得批准。需要不断的对问题进行重新评估和缺乏实用的权威标准也导致了成本的增加。公共安全方面的规定有着类似的影响，特别是在核电站和煤矿开采等能源领域显得尤为突出。对于工程师，施工者和业主来说，当工程由设计阶段进入施工阶段时，他们往往会采用一些变通的措施以应付这些情况。这些可变的事件极大的增加了不确定性，这些不确定性使得工程人员无法按照计划和预算来完成工程。过去十年高通货膨胀和利率的波动这些经济环境更进一步的加强了不确定性的状况。金融政策的反常也对工程资金的筹措产生了不确定性。
Effects of Project Risks on Organization
The uncertainty in undertaking a construction project comes from many sources and often involves many participants in the project. Since each participant tries to minimize its own risk, the conflicts among various participants can be detrimental to the project. Only the owner has the power to moderate such conflicts as it alone holds the key to risk assignment through proper contractual relations with other participants. Failure to recognize this responsibility by the owner often leads to undesirable results. In recent years, the concept of "risk sharing/risk assignment" contracts has gained acceptance by the federal government. [4] Since this type of contract acknowledges the responsibilities of the owners, the contract prices are expected to be lower than those in which all risks are assigned to contractors.
Risks in construction projects may be classified in a number of ways. [5] One form of classification is as follows:
1. Socioeconomic factors
o Environmental protection
o Public safety regulation
o Economic instability
o Exchange rate fluctuation
2. Organizational relationships
o Contractual relations
o Attitudes of participants
o Communication
3. Technological problems
o Design assumptions
o Site conditions
o Construction procedures
o Construction occupational safety
The environmental protection movement has contributed to the uncertainty for construction because of the inability to know what will be required and how long it will take to obtain approval from the regulatory agencies. The requirements of continued re-evaluation of problems and the lack of definitive criteria which are practical have also resulted in added costs. Public safety regulations have similar effects, which have been most noticeable in the energy field involving nuclear power plants and coal mining. The situation has created constantly shifting guidelines for engineers, constructors and owners as projects move through the stages of planning to construction. These moving targets add a significant new dimension of uncertainty which can make it virtually impossible to schedule and complete work at budgeted cost. Economic conditions of the past decade have further reinforced the climate of uncertainty with high inflation and interest rates. The deregulation of financial institutions has also generated unanticipated problems related to the financing of construction.
