构建我国合理的技术性贸易壁垒体系

论文编号：JR110     字数:35912,页数:57

文章提要

 贸易保护主义是国际贸易的常态，尤其是在世界经济不景气的时候，各国从本国经济利益出发，纷纷采取措施保护国内的利益集团或相关产业，而随着WTO逐步降低关税水平和对非关税壁垒的限制，依附于WTO的合理目的和例外条款的运用，建立在技术水平上的技术性贸易壁垒措施得到WTO成员国的青睐，它对国际贸易产生了深远的影响。据统计，20世纪70年代，国际贸易中的技术壁垒约占非关税壁垒的比例为10%30%，而到了90年代末，这个比例已达到45%[ 宋明顺：《WTO＜技术性贸易壁垒协议＞规则、实践及对策》，中国计量出版社，2002年版，第5页。]。由于具有隐蔽性、灵活性、难以监督等特点，技术性贸易壁垒已成为新贸易保护主义最常用、最有隐蔽性也最有力的手段之一。而中国作为发展中国家，由于技术水平和相关法规制度仍不完善也深受其害。据统计，我国每年受反倾销影响的出口额占全年出口额的1%，而受技术性贸易壁垒影响比例则超过了25%，约450亿500亿美元，农产品、纺织品、玩具、机电和高新技术产品都不同程度的受到影响。技术性贸易壁垒已取代反倾销成为影响我国出口贸易的第一大非关税壁垒[ 李志军：《怎么打造“技术壁垒”的矛与盾》，经济日报出版社，2002年版，第185页。]。因此研究技术性贸易壁垒的相关理论，表现形式、特点及作用机制具有一定的现实和借鉴意义。
 贸易保护主义理论是技术性贸易壁垒的理论基石，本文开头即阐述了贸易保护主义和技术性贸易壁垒的关系，进而对技术性贸易壁垒的概念、形式、特点作了说明，在借鉴以往研究成果的基础上，分析了技术性贸易壁垒的作用机制并运用局部均衡和一般均衡模型对技术性贸易壁垒的福利效应进行了静态和动态分析。同时考察了WTO对技术性贸易壁垒的约束机制，并着重对TBT协议和SPS协议进行了论述，进而对WTO的有关机制进行了评析。
 发达国家是技术性贸易壁垒的主要倡导者和使用者，它们已具有一定的经验并已形成一套完善的技术性贸易壁垒体系，文章在对WTO主要发达成员的技术性贸易壁垒体系概述的基础上，提出了建立我国合理的技术性贸易壁垒体系的措施建议，这也是本文最终的目的所在。

关键词：贸易保护　技术性贸易壁垒　WTO　分析模型　中国对策

Abstract

 Trade protectionism is the common situation in the international trade field,　especially when international economy is in declining situation. Many countries have adopted many measures to protect their domestic benefit group and relative industries. As WTO reduces the tariff level step by step and prohibits the non-tariff measures，WTO members have great passion to make use of technical barriers to trade(abbreviated as TBT in the following) through the reasonable targets and “exceptional provisions”. TBT has exerted profound impacts on international trade. According to statistics, in the 1970s TBT has accounted for 10%-30% of non-tariff in foreign trade, while in the late 90s, the proportion has reached 45 per cent. Because of its concealment, flexibility and being difficult to supervise, TBT has become one of the most common-used, most concealed and most effective ways of the new trade protectionism. Being one of the developing countries in the world, China has been limited by such measure because of backward technical level and immature legal system. According to statistics, the export influenced by anti-dumping has accounted for 1 per cent of the total export of the whole year in China. While as far as TBT is concerned, the proportion has exceeded 25%, worth US$45-50 billion. Chinese agricultural products, textile, toy, electro-mechanical products and hi-tech products have been badly influenced more or less. TBT has replaced anti-dumping and ranked No.1 among all non-tariff measures. So it has realistic and studying meaning to study the theory of TBT, its outside display, its characteristics and performance system. 
 Trade protectionism is the basic theory of TBT. To begin with, the paper explains the theory of trade protectionism and the relationship of trade protectionism and TBT. Next the paper shows the concept, its outside display and its characteristics. Furthermore, based on the analysis of TBT functional mechanism, I have analyzed the static and dynamic economic effects on trade parties through partial equilibrium model and general equilibrium model. In addition, the dissertation has taken a thorough look on the restriction of WTO, especially those in TBT agreement and SPS agreement of WTO. On the basis of above, I have given analysis of these agreements and its functions on international trade.
 The developed countries are the main creators and users of technical barriers to trade in the world. They have set up a full set of mature and profound system about TBT. The dissertation has provided the reasonable measures for constructing Chinese TBT system based on the summarization of developed countries’ experience. Such is the final and important target of this dissertation.
 
Keywords: trade protectionism 　 technical barriers to trade  　　　analysis model  WTO  China’s policies

目　录
文章提要 2
Abstract 4

第一章　绪论 6
第一节　背景介绍 6
第二节　文献综述 7
第三节　研究方法 9
第二章　技术性贸易壁垒理论基础及概况 10
第一节　贸易保护主义理论 10
第二节　技术性贸易壁垒的基本情况 12
第三节　WTO中与技术性贸易壁垒有关的协议 18
第三章　技术性贸易壁垒的机制及经济学分析 26
第一节　技术性贸易壁垒的作用机制 26
第二节　技术性贸易壁垒的经济学分析 29
第四章 主要发达国家技术性贸易壁垒实证分析 37
第一节　主要发达国家实施技术性贸易壁垒简介 37
第二节　主要发达国家实施技术性贸易壁垒分析 41
第五章  我国技术性贸易壁垒情况及对策分析 43
第一节　我国的技术性贸易壁垒现状 43
第二节　构建我国合理的技术性贸易壁垒体系 48
第六章  结论和展望 54

后　记 55
参考书目 56