[1] 参见温家宝:“全面深化金融改革 促进金融业持续健康安全发展”(在2007年全国金融工作会议上的讲话),载新华网,://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2007-03/01/content_5788935.htm,最后访问于2007年5月31日。[2] See generally James M. Buchanan and Gordon Tullock: The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy, University of Michigan Press (1962). [3] See Christos Hadjiemmanuil, Institutional Structure of Financial Regulation: A Trend Towards ‘Megaregulators’?, in Financial Regulation: A Guide to Structural Reform, Arner & J.J. Lin eds., Thomson, Sweet & Maxwell Asia, 2003, at 142. [4] 例如,美国联邦储备委员会前主席艾伦·格林斯潘就认为,监管套利带来了持续的金融创新,而单一监管则可能会阻碍这种创新。See Alan GREenspan, Financial Reforms and the Importance of a Decentralized Banking System, available at ://.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/1997/19970322.htm, last visited May 31, 2007.[5] 参见约瑟夫 J. 诺顿:《全球金融改革视角下的单一监管者模式:对英国FSA经验的批判性重估》,廖凡译,载《北大法律评论》第7卷第2辑(2006年6月),第568页。[6] See GREenspan, Financial Reforms and the Importance of a Decentralized Banking System, supra note 4. [7] See BCBS, Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision (1997), Introduction; IAIS, Insurance Supervisory Principles (1997), §3, Par. 7-8; IOSCO, Objectives and Principles of Securities Regulation (1998), Art. 4.1. See also Joint Forum, Cross-Sectoral Comparison of Core Principles (2001), at 13. [8] 参见杨勇:《金融集团法律问题研究》,北京大学出版社2004年版,第195页;Elizabeth F. Brown, Why the United States Needs a Single Financial Services Agency, 14 U. Miami Bus. L. Rev. 1, 52-57 (2005).[9] 世界银行的抽样调查显示,从1990年到2001年,金融集团在银行业的市场份额从53%增加到71%,在证券业的市场份额从54%增加到63%,在保险业的市场份额从41%增加到70%。See José de Luna Martínez & Thomas A. Rose, International Survey of Integrated Financial Sector Supervision, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3096 (July 2003), at 10. [10] See IOSCO, Principles for the Supervision of Financial Conglomerates (1992), at 3; Joint Forum, Supervision of Financial Conglomerates (1998), at 64; European Commission, Directive 2002/87/EC (Financial Conglomerate Directive) (2002), Art. 2. [11] Charles Goodhart, et al., Financial Regulation: Why, How and Where Now? Routledge, 1998, at 148, 156. [12] See Roberta S. Karmel, Functional Regulation, 501 Practicing Law Inst./ Corp 9, 9 (1985). [13] 参见杨勇:《金融集团法律问题研究》,前注8, 第190页。[14] GLBA第二章章名即为“功能监管”。See GLBA, 113 Stat. 1338 (1999), Title 2.[15] James A. Leach, Modernization of Financial Institutions, 25 Iowa J. Corp. L. 681, 688 (2000).[16] GLBA, §111.[17] See Martínez & Rose, International Survey of Integrated Financial Sector Supervision, supra note 9, at 2; Brown, Why the United States Needs a Single Financial Services Agency, Supra note 8, at 92-93.[18] See Brown, Why the United States Needs a Single Financial Services Agency, Supra note 8, Part V (at 74-87). [19] 参见诺顿:《全球金融改革视角下的单一监管者模式:对英国FSA经验的批判性重估》,前注5,第544页。[20] 有15个国家参加此项调查。See José de Luna Martínez & Thomas A. Rose, International Survey of Integrated Financial Sector Supervision, supra note 9, at 10. [21] See Jonathan R. Macey, The business of Banking: Before and After Gramm-Leach-Bliley, 25 Iowa J. Corp. L. 691, 709 (2000).[22] Id., at 698-99, 707. [23] See Martínez & Rose, International Survey of Integrated Financial Sector Supervision, supra note 9, at 9 (FN.8).[24] 参见诺顿:《全球金融改革视角下的单一监管者模式:对英国FSA经验的批判性重估》,前注5,第567页。[25] See Sundeep Tucker, FSA Examines Governance of Retail Investment Fund Sector, Fin. Times, May 7, 2004; Eilis Ferran, Do Financial Supermarkets Need Super Regulators: The United Kingdom’s Experience in Adopting the Single Financial Regulator Model, 28 Brooklyn J. Int'l L. 257 (2003), n133, 135. [26] See Martínez & Rose, International Survey of Integrated Financial Sector Supervision, supra note 9, at 31-32.[27] See Donato Masciandaro, Financial Supervision Architectures and the Role of Central Banks, 18 Transnat'l Law. 351, 367-68 (2005). [28] 参见中国人民银行《2006年中国金融市场发展报告》总论(2007年5月),载://.pbc.gov.cn/detail.asp?col=100&id=2210,最后访问于2007年6月4日。[29] See Martínez & Rose, International Survey of Integrated Financial Sector Supervision, supra note 9, at 12. [30] 参见廖凡、王斯曼:《略论人民银行与银监会监管职能的划分与协调》,载《金融法苑》2003年第8期,第53-54页。[31] See Greenspan, Financial Reforms and the Importance of a Decentralized Banking System, supra note 4.[32] 参见郭雳:《中国银行业创新与发展的法律思考》,北京大学出版社2006年版,第55-72页。